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The Late Glacial Maximum (c. 13,000-10,000 years ago), or Tardiglacial ("Late Glacial"),〔Though recent works define the Tardiglacial rather differently, as ("12-10 kyr BP" here ) or (15,000 - 10,000 BP here )〕 is defined primarily by the beginning of the modern warm period, in which climates in the Northern Hemisphere warmed substantially, causing a process of accelerated deglaciation following the Last Glacial Maximum (c. 25,000-13,000 years ago).〔Hoffecker, J. 2002. Desolate Landscapes: Ice Age Settlement in Eastern Europe. Rutgers University Press: New Jersey.〕 At this time, human populations, previously forced into refuge areas as a result of Last Glacial Maximum climatic conditions, gradually begin to repopulate the Northern Hemisphere's Eurasian landmass and eventually populate North America via Beringia for the first time. Evidence for the occurrence of the Late GM stems from two main types of analysis. The first is the use of oxygen isotope stages (OIS) gathered from stratified deep-sea sediment cores. Samples are gathered and measured for change in isotope levels to determine temperature fluctuation for given periods of time. The second is a proxy measurement, namely, the observation of certain reappearing fauna and flora fossils that can only survive in temperate climates, thus indicating warming trends for a given geographic area. Archaeological evidence of settlement and resettlement in certain areas by humans also serves as a proxy measurement. Towards the end of OIS 2 in which the Late Glacial Maximum occurs, the deep-sea sediment cores indicate a gradually warming climate and the reappearance of certain warm-weather flora and fauna remains throughout the Northern Hemisphere correlate with this trend. A period of relatively brief cold oscillation, referred to as the Younger Dryas, is detected during OIS 2 as can be inferred from an increase in isotope weight.〔 ==Western Europe and the North European Plain== Climate amelioration begins to occur rapidly throughout Western Europe and the North European Plain c. 16,000-15,000 years ago. The environmental landscape becomes increasing boreal except in the far north, where conditions remain arctic. Sites of human occupation reappear in northern France, Belgium, northwest Germany, and southern Britain between 15,500 and 14,000 years ago. Many of these sites are classified as Magdalenian, though other industries containing distinctive curved back and tanged points appear, as well. As the Fennoscandian ice sheet continued to shrink, plants and people began to repopulate the freshly deglaciated areas of southern Scandinavia.〔Hoffecker, J. 2006. A Prehistory of the North: Human Settlements of the Higher Latitudes. Rutgers University Press: New Jersey.〕 Between 12,000 and 10,000 years ago, the western coast of Norway and southern Sweden to latitude 65° north becomes occupied by sites belonging to the Fosna-Hensbacka complex. They are defined by the appearance of tanged points and other artifacts similar to those found earlier in Northwest Germany. Komsa sites are found about 7,000 years ago along Norway's Finnmark county above 70° north and further east on the Kola Peninsula. They are defined by surface finds of tanged points, burins, scrapers, and adzes. The primary game of Magdalenian hunters appears to have been reindeer, though evidence of bird and shellfish consumption persist, as well.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Late Glacial Maximum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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